Legalize Casino

Chatchawan Jarusvasunt 5204640154 What is the effect of disorder gambling? Gambling create no output, it just the transfer of money in society. Gambling consume time and existing resource in the economy also. Gambling did not provide any resource like other media and other entertainment activities but it have it own value too. Is it true that gambling with legal status is better for the society whether the cost of gambling overcome the benefit it creates? This question is very subjective. * Are there costs involved that exceed the obvious economic development benefits? Who actually gains and who loses? * If Las Vegas is a model of economic development through gaming, are there any other costs that need to be looked at? Las Vegas tends to have a wide variety of social ills associated with it. There is some controversy of the true level of these given the high tourist population. No studies have examined whether those are associated with gambling, the transient population, the growing population, or the low level of social services provided by the state. How widespread are the economic benefits? Some research as Professor Robert Goodman, in his study entitled, â€Å"Legalized Gambling as a Strategy for Economic Development†, describes the effect of gambling on local business. He indicates that a study in South Dakota a year after legalizing video gambling in the state did† Show significant declines for selected activities such as clothing stores, recreation services, business services, auto dealers and service stations. The tourists from abroad may spend more resource and time in the region, or local people that used to spend resource in other region change the behavior to gambling in the region. This case is the beneficial effect of gambling for region. The local people may increase spending on casino in substitution of other business, or tourists change from consuming others to gambling. This case gambling provide no additional benefit.Casino may b uy more products from out of state than the business they replace, or increase social cost, or locally owned business go bankrupt by out-of-state owned casino. This case made the region suffer. The effects of casino depend on the above criteria. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. William R. Eadington, â€Å"Economic Development and the Introduction of Casinos: Myths and Realities,†Ã‚  Economic Development Review, Forthcoming, p. 3.

Market Entry Strategies

Introduction Market entry strategies refer to modes of accessing a share of clients en masse in a new environment. This paper will give an overview of different market entry options available and their extent of applicability in the Abu Dhabi National Hotels Company’s effort to enter the US market. It will also evaluate Abu Dhabi National Hotels Company by considering indirect market entry options in entering the US market. Market entry strategies Market entry strategies can be divided into two broad categories: indirect and direct market.In choosing either of these, one should have analyzed the company in context using various analytical tools. The analysis should focus on the companies’ strengths, weaknesses, opportunities available and threats that the company might be experiencing. It also involves accessing balancing of costs, control and risks. A company should be determined to operate internationally before choosing a market entry strategy. It should also be conv inced also understand that she is about to undertake a long term inflexible commitment whose withdraw would be costly.The results that these will deliver will determine, in the case of Abu Dhabi National Hotels Company, the best entry strategy (Jalan, 2004:234). Direct entry strategy. Exporting There are various modes of direct market entry. In the case, of Abu Dhabi Company exporting is not an option since it is a service delivery company. Besides, this strategy would result in reduced control and higher risks in investment. In addition, Abu Dhabi National has a higher asset base, therefore, can engage in a promising investment strategy (Jalan, 2004:234).Licensing and Franchising Licensing and franchising can be a viable alternative if the Company wishes to have minimal financial and control commitments. In licensing, Abu Dhabi National Hotels will purchase trading rights from a potential partner in the US. This means it may not retain its current trademarks and other intellectual property- it will outsource from the licenser. Licensing is whereby a local company grants a foreign company the right to use its intellectual property.In licensing, the Abu Dhabi Company will incur costs of purchase of third party rights of which it will operate under. Franchising is whereby; the Franchiser (parent company) grants a foreign company (franchisee) the right to do business in a prescribed way. In cases where a country restricts importation, licensing would be viable means of penetrating such a market for foreign investors (Jalan, 2004:235,236). Contract Manufacturing In search for a means to foreign markets, contract manufacturing may also be an alternative.In this strategy, a company operating multinational business will contract foreign companies to produce such goods while it retains the duty of marketing them. This would be unlikely option for Abu Dhabi National Hotels since it is a service based company (Jalan, 2004:235).. Management Contracting In Management cont racting, the international firm supplies management knowledge for another in the foreign country. The technical advisory firm may not be stakeholder of the said company. Its role is to manage without the risk of loss and benefit ownership.This would be beneficial entry tool for the Abu Dhabi because the local knowledge adaptable to the new environment there can be outsources locally (Jalan, 2004:235). Indirect market entry strategy Indirect Exporting In indirect market entry, indirect exporting is one of the alternatives. In this method, a company manufactures its goods and allows other companies to export these goods to foreign countries. The main concern here is since expertise is necessary in penetrating the new market a hired firm will do it in precision to promote its client.The firms sought after in this strategy are those with longtime the experience. This method also involves the lowest risk factor for companies with no foreign experience like in this case of Abu Dhabi Natio nal Hotels (Giligan1986:101, Zisa, 2008:12). Direct Exporting This mode of accessing the foreign market involves high costs in transporting and marketing. The firm here manufactures goods in one country and then incurs the cost of marketing them abroad. This may take place through sales by foreign distributors, sales agents, overseas sales subsidiaries (Chee and Harris 1998:294).Strategic Alliance Another alternative would turn out to be strategic alliance. In this strategy, the company would form an alliance with its potential competitors in the working environment. Conclusion The US is one of the world’s economic towers. Abu Dhabi National Hotel Company rationale can be justified by the fact that there is a potential market in America. The state also enjoys stable politics although currently there are uncertainties linked to the politics of this world military superpower.That is why franchising or licensing would be a likely method for the Abu Dhabi Hotel Company. Besides, strategic alliance and creation of mergers would cushion the Hotel Company from uncertainties in the foreign market. By fact, market entry strategies have a profound effect on how a firm may access a given market in the globe. They also influence the profits made and the risks that may turn out to threats in the future. Making such a concrete decision requires evaluation of the company’s current strengths, asset base, bargaining power and foreign business policies.With these at hand, a firm can make such a longtime commitment in the foreign market once the marketer has arrived at an appropriate entry strategy. (Gillespie et al, 2011:247,248) References Andexer Thomas (2008) Analysis and Evaluation of Market Entry Modes Into the Asia-Pacific Region. Norderstedt, GRIN Verlag Chee Harold, Harris Rod (1998), Global Marketing Strategy. London. Pitman Publishers Gillespie Kate, Jeannet Jean-Pierre, Hennessey H. David (2011) Global Marketing. Mason OH. Cengage Learning.Gilligan Coli n, Martin Hird, (1986) International Marketing: Strategy and Management Kent-Great Britain Mackays of Chatham Ltd. Jalan P. K. (2004) Industrial Sector Reforms In Globalization Era. New Delhi, Prabhat Kumar Sarma Tielmann Viktor (2010) Market Entry Strategies: International Marketing Management Norderstedt, GRIN Verlag Yoshino Michael Y. and Rangan Srinivasa U. (1995). Strategic Alliances: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalization Harvard, Harvard University Press Zisa Letizia (2010) Positioning and Opportunity Assessment Report with Main Focus on Germany, China USA, New Zealand. Norderstedt, GRIN Verlag. Market Entry Strategies Companies have a wide range of possibilities for market entry strategies; however, they need to choose the right one for each market, bearing in mind the particular circumstances (Johnston 1998:101). When making marketing decisions, the service exporter should keep in mind some universal characteristics of services that set them apart from goods: intangibility, degree of inseparability, human intensiveness, propriety knowledge, perishability, and heterogeneity (Reif 1997:19). Depending on the service, one particular quality may be more applicable than the others. The combination of services’ intangible characteristics, along with other qualities, expand both the possibilities and obstacles for international market entry strategies of service providers, and any market entry strategy must be accompanied by a clear understanding of what delineates the difference between a service and a goods export (Reif 1997:20). There are several proven market entry methods and channels that a service exporter can utilize without the resource commitment necessary for foreign direct investment. Every service provider must decide which method of market entry will provide the greatest chance of market penetration. According to Reif, a service firm’s success will depend on four factors such as alliances with local companies, the ability to protect intellectual property, advertising, and marketing strategies and access to financial resources. Also, what marketing venue the firm decides to take will ultimately depend upon its internal capacity and creativity drive, and tenacity of its overseas partners. Market entry methods consist of all the possible alternatives to developing a business presence in a foreign market. Three major market entry strategies available for the service provider are exporting, contractual agreements and foreign direct investment (Reif 1997:21). A business deciding to offer its product outside its domestic home market has various entry strategy options such as: exporting the product already produced for the home market; licensing the product idea or production supplies to a third party who operates across national boundaries or in overseas markets; franchising arrangements – such as McDonald’s outlets in many countries; joint venture between a domestic company and a foreign company or government, or strategic alliance to form partnerships across national boundaries; the use of trading companies, that provide links between buyers and sellers in different countries; or foreign direct investment – possibly including the acquisition of an established business – which is long term commitment to a non-domestic market and is resource-demanding (Dibbs 2004:220). The degree of commitment begins, as it were, with direct selling overseas (exporting), and ends with a complex business investment in foreign markets such as a production facility or international joint venture (Copper 1998: 322). According to Copper, firms will engage heavily in international business operations tend not to make distinction between home and overseas business, just like for example, Zeneca, the major UK pharmaceuticals producer, which makes this a plank of its mission statement. Regardless of a firm’s market entry decision, the particular strategy that drives a services firm must correspond with the legal framework for business that exist in a targeted country, and the requirements concerning the scope of practice and legal structure of business should be carefully examined (Reif 1997:21). Choice of market entry depends greatly on variable factors such as current regulatory policy and the extent of domestic competition. Relationships are going to become increasingly international with inter-firm cooperation spanning a multiplicity of cultures, languages, and outlooks, thus, the international marketing in the future will almost need more competencies in communication and relationship management than even in the immediate past. List of References Cooper, C. L., & Argyris, C.   (1998). The Concise Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. New York: Blackwell Publishing. Dibb, S., & Simkin, L. (2004). Marketing Briefs: A Revision and Study Guide. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Johnston, S., & Beaton, H.   (1998). Foundations of International Marketing. London: Thomson Learning EMEA. Reif, J., Ditterich, K. M., Larsen, M. G., & Ostrea, R. A.   (1997). Services–the Export of the 21st Century: A Guidebook for US Service Exporters. New York: World Trade Press. Stone, M. A., McCall, J. B.   (2004). International Strategic Marketing: A European Perspective. New York: Routledge.         

Testing Usaability of Web Page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Testing Usaability of Web Page - Essay Example There is interaction between the user of a computer and computer as a machine that transmits information across when it is used by the user. It's a kind of communion that takes place between the user and the computer with varying results. For instance the user uses the input devices to get message through in the form of what he has typed -email, chat or other stratagems at his disposal. Machine works to get the message across through variety of forms chosen by the user. Usability then refers to a system of teeming reality in which human and machine inter connect and communicate through in put and out put devices of the system which has been used . User interface is a way through which machine and human communicate a system. The appropriate criterion of assessing usability is in the significance of the system that is used by all. For users usability is meaning full because it enables them to find out about how they performed tasks fruitfully or had problems in completing them. For a developer usability is the success or failure of the system... For management productivity of work force holds eminence because failure of a system means no profit. Interface Designers learn designer guidelines and designer principles to get feedback about the system they have constructed from the people who use it. Users Designers, developers and management have standards by which usability can be assessed, and they have the right to pass verdict about what is proper and usable for them. . They have to make sure what are the standards by which a design has to satisfy public appeal and familiarity... For constructing a web page goals have to be set that will determine specific strategies to assess usability in terms of success of a web page by its users. Length of site's design construction, evaluation periods Specific quantitative and qualitative measures of success are the foundations on which usability can germinate public appeal. Another way to assess it is to know what the audience wants to read on the site that will be successful by giving them the information they want. A well defined system can be constructed keeping in view needs and ideas of the users. Data base of existing, needed content will take into consideration content resources for making an out line for one's needs for a web page design. Information can be organized for assessment. Horton, Lynch (2002) (Web style guide 2nd edition) The content of the web page should meet the needs of the users to be assessed. Communication with the users of the webpage will be useful for fulfilling their demands of giving them proper service and things they want. Effective web page design contains both graphic images and text which makes the site enjoyable for the users. Web site organization, graphic design, and typography are useful for the users because they feel they are getting accurate information from the site. Logs for the web site can be analyzed for development of quantitative data for the site's

The development of Art Deco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The development of Art Deco - Essay Example According to a website, Oaktown Art, â€Å"Art Deco was an international design movement popular in the 1920†²s and 30†²s, focused on themes of luxury, technology, modernization, and craftsmanship† . Art deco can be termed as an art movement that originated from Paris and within a span of very short time, it spread to both European and American regions. Art deco was basically an outcome of the earlier Art Nouveau movement . That movement was facing popularity decline by the end of the nineteenth century and some new modifications appeared necessary to keep art growing and flourishing. That was the reason why artists felt the need of adding some new themes to existing art. The modifications gained a level of acceptance and fame and within no time, art deco became one of the main trends related to the world of art. Art deco is similar to its previous form, Art Nouveau, in a sense that it also focuses on the significance of artisan craftsmanship. Art deco kept the same theme of Art Nouveau featuring curves, arcs, and natural motifs of flora and fauna . Although Art Deco has many features similar to Art Nouveau, but it is known as a modern form of art blended with the use of attractive colors schemes and sharps lines and edges. French artists are considered as the founders of Art Deco because they were the ones who started giving a new shape and look to exiting objects. The aim was to renovate the existing objects and make them, more attractive and appealing as compared to before. French artists are also known.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 17

Marketing - Essay Example These strategies are divided broadly into strategic scope and strategic strength. 2 A strategic scope relates to the demand of the products or the services that the company deals in and it focuses on the demand size and the component of the market. Strategic strength focuses on the supply of the products or services. Porter then came up with three strategies that reduced the broadness and the ambiguity of the previous strategies; these strategies included cost leadership, differentiation and market segmentation. The three strategies are drawn in a cube with the focus strategy being in the narrow segment and the other two being relatively broad.3 According to Porter, companies that gain a competitive advantage are those that strive to combine the three strategies effectively. Market segmentation can be combined with the differentiation strategy and ripe the company very effective results. Combinations of the strategies that are grouped in the broad category of the cube are a bit difficult to combine but that does not mean that they do not take place. Segmenting the market into niches helps the company to scope itself, increase the concept of demand and increase the company’s market share. Market segments also affect the strategies that relate to innovation and give the company the edge technology. This is because reducing the size of the market gives the company the specialization of the market and therefore, a chance to concentrate on aspects of improved technology. This presents the company as the pioneers of innovation. A multi-dimensional approach is a kind of approach where the company incorporates all the variables of market segmentation in coming up with its niches. These variables are broadly divided into; geographic variables, demographic variables, psychographic variables and behavioral variables.4 2.1 Geographic Variables – this is the

Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Classification - Essay Example The first and perhaps one of the best advertising campaigns using the pathetic i.e. emotional appeal comes from Apple Inc. The company ran a series of print ads showing famous figures from the past and the message â€Å"Think Different† along with the Apple logo as a part of their image making campaign. The drive was launched in 1997 soon after the return of Steve Jobs to Apple and even though the product itself is mass produced, compatible with every other computer and is in fact not very different from the previous computers made by Apple, the viewer is invited to â€Å"Think Different† when it comes to the consumer products of the company (Elliott, 1998). For example, the image of Edison brings about an emotional reaction and links the ingenuity as well the brilliance of the man with the product made by Apple Inc. The campaign was a success and won many awards for each of the print ads was one of a famous personality. The people used for the campaign included some of the most admired high achievers in the world and they came from all walks of life such as business, sports, performing arts, government and even human rights activism (Elliott, 1998). Interestingly, even though the product being advertised is a computer which may benefit more from a logical appeal that describes the benefits and advantages of using the product, an emotional appeal is used by the company without having much text on the ad itself. Beyond the pathetic appeal, the ethical appeal can also be used in print ads particularly when the message becomes more abstract and a direct point of comparison may not be necessary. For example, in political campaigns the message of the politician may simply be that s/he is a better choice than the other candidate and thus appeal to the ethics of the audience rather than the logic of the audience. An example of such marketing is given below where Ronald Reagan appears to be looking directly at the viewer as well as into the

Accommodation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accommodation Management - Essay Example There are various types of hotel industries ranging from commercial, airport, conference and economy, all-suite hotels among others. Categorically, these types fall under fall broadly under luxury or budget hotels. Hotels offer diverse services to its customers depending on the type and customers to be served. Hotels offer it services both to local and international customers; most of the international customers are the tourists and travelers (Fisher, 2006). They can offer food, entertainment, education, conference space and any other needs that customers need. While the act of hiring out the space to tourists is traced back to ancient times, it has been a booming business all over the world. Hotel falls under the industry of hospitality, which has diverse but specific services all over the world. Certainly, it one of the largest employer, recruiting several persons in a puzzling array of jobs within the globe. These hotel sectors vary from prestigious five-star to the ordinary secto rs especially found in public institutions. In this section, a clear comparison is given for two broad types of hotels i.e. a luxury hotel represented by The Westmead Hotel and a budgetary Hotel represented by The Britannia Country House Hotel. For better difference, range of services provided is discussed. Similarities between The Westmead Hotel and The Britannia Country House Hotel Conferences Both hotels have well established flourished room for holding meeting especially in the issue of planning. They provide unrivalled diverse and professional rooms that suit all types of meeting for both private and public conversations (Gupta, 2007). They offer an exclusive selection of the best class hotel places with equipped facilities and good customer service. The staff is well vast with experience for coordinating and organizing conference rooms in all the lodges. All these activities are aided by well trained personnel. For every conference held, customer get prestigious accommodation, catering services and leisure activities. Accommodation They offer very luxurious accommodation in all their lodges. All are sophisticatedly presented with integrated modern and traditional styles. Although may not present the diverse technological accommodation advancement, they match the desires of all the customers of different classes. All the office operations are suited for 24-hour service, private safety and parking (Gupta, 2007). Although most of the rooms are designed for ordinary living, extreme conditional living is catered for e.g. smokers. Each room has recreational cum entertainment facilities that facilitates the customers comfort. Furthermore, the entire fees should be paid in advance though it varies from one hotel to another. Children under the age of 12 are allowed to sleep with their parents at no extra cost. Between the age of 13-18, parents pay half the price for elderly. Reservations The hotels have adopted the modern technological advancement to reserve room s. They have devised online criteria whereby esteemed customers can book for their rooms everywhere in the world. The management information system has been a great benefit. Through this system, it has facilitated smooth information flow from one department to another. The management team can then budget for the customers thus avoiding wastage of resources. Meals Food gives the name to a hotel. Both of these hotels provide a wide range of foods ranging from local to modern. They accommodate both the likes and dislikes for all the people with well trained cooks and chefs. Meals are provided at the customers’ request. Children, old and expectant mothers are treated with special attention to meet their needs. This implies that special foods

Causes of increasing gas prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Causes of increasing gas prices - Essay Example What is causing this rise in prices of gas? Is it merely supply and demand issues, or are there other factors that are influencing the rise in gas prices? This paper has the general aim of being informative of the causes of the rise in gas prices. However, within this general aim, the paper has a specific purpose in trying to uncover that the rise in gas prices is not merely caused by supply and demand issues. Gas prices in the USA are linked to international oil prices, as the cost of oil constitutes 70% of the cost of a gallon of gasoline. Cost of oil has risen. Brent oil prices are a measure of the prices of prevailing in the oil markets. Brent oil has risen by approximately 52 cents over the last two months, reflecting a rise in price of gas by 47cents per gallon in the USA. Four factors are believed to be involved in the recent rise in gas prices. These four factors are rise in demand for oil, inability of oil production to match the rising demand for oil, political turbulence in the Middle-East, and speculation in oil (Hargreaves, 1). The United Nations outlook for oil markets in 2010 demonstrates the reasons for an expected rise in demand for oil. The forecast indicated that there would be a rise in demand for oil to the tune of about 1.5%, raising demand for oil to 85.7 million barrels per day. Two factors would drive this rise in demand for oil. The main driver for rise in oil prices would be growing demand for oil from the emerging nations, like China and India, and the secondary driving force would be the slow emergence from recession of the developed world (United Nations, 63). The rise in demand for oil in 2012 however, was not as large as expected. The International Energy Association has estimated that the demand for oil in 2012 will be 200,000 barrels per day less than the earlier forecasted estimate of 90 million barrels per day. The reason for this

Managing Health and Safety Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing Health and Safety - Dissertation Example Some situations may be emergencies, which definitely require a proactive procedure. Emergencies should be prevented as much as possible and that is why it is important to determine what might be an emergency, or what might lead to an emergency. If an emergency or a safety need does arise, it is detrimental that systems and policies are in place. This will not only avoid confusion and lack of readiness and education, it will minimize injuries, accidents, and liabilities. Measures of risk control should be taken. This can be accomplished by identifying what is missing or inadequate, using legal requirements and policies/guidelines as means of measurement, and based on findings, come up with recommendations. The theoretical foundation for security is to determine every possible loss event and in order to plan, develop, implement, enforce, and maintain systems, policies, and procedures. There is tremendous need because we live in a very fast-paced world full of information, technology, increase population, higher crime rates, increased poverty, different morals and standards, etc. Times have changed especially after 9/11, companies are more aware of security, safety, and issues. Levin (2, 5) states, â€Å"Another area that is providing growth opportunities is combating the rapidly evolving styles of theft and fraud. New forms of loss events often involve technology such as high-end audio-visual surveillance and cyber-tracking equipment†. Due to increased technology, identity theft is something that we usually never had to deal with before.

Personality Attributes Essay Example for Free

Personality Attributes Essay Locus of control  is a theory in  personality psychology  referring to the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them. Understanding of the concept was developed by  Julian B. Rotter  in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality studies. A persons locus (Latin for place or location) is conceptualised as either internal (the person believes they can control their life) or external (meaning they believe that their decisions and life are controlled by environmental factors which they cannot influence). Individuals with a high internal locus of control believe that events in their life derive primarily from their own actions; for example, if a person with an internal locus of control does not perform as well as they wanted to on a test, they would blame it on lack of preparedness on their part. If they performed well on a test, they would attribute this to ability to study. [1]. In the test-performance example, if a person with a high external locus of control does poorly on a test, they might attribute this to the difficulty of the test questions. If they performed well on a test, they might think the teacher was lenient or that they were lucky. [1] Those with a high internal locus of control exhibit better control of their behavior[citation needed], tend to be more politically involved[citation needed]  and are more likely to attempt to influence others than are those with an external locus of control. [citation needed]  They also assign greater likelihood to their efforts being successful, and more actively seek information concerning their situation. [citation needed] Locus of control has generated much research in a variety of areas in psychology. The construct is applicable to fields such as educational psychology, health psychology or clinical psychology. There will probably continue to be debate about whether specific or more global measures of locus of control will prove to be more useful. Careful distinctions should also be made between locus of control (a concept linked with expectancies about the future) and attributional style (a concept linked with explanations for past outcomes), or between locus of control and concepts such as self-efficacy. The importance of locus of control as a topic in psychology is likely to remain quite central for many years. Locus of control has also been included as one of four dimensions of  core self-evaluations  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ones fundamental appraisal of oneself – along with  neuroticism,  self-efficacy, and  self-esteem. [2]  The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since has proven to have the ability to predict several work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance 2. Machiavelllianism: Machiavellianism is also a term that some social and personality  psychologists  use to describe a persons tendency to be emotionally cool and detached, and thus more able to detach from conventional morality and to  deceive  and  manipulate  others. In the 1960s, Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis developed a test for measuring a persons level of Machiavellianism. Measured on the Mach-IV scale, males are on average slightly more Machiavellian than females  [6]  [8]. Motivation: A 1992 review described Machiavellian motivation as related to cold selfishness and pure instrumentality, and those high on the trait were assumed to pursue their motives (e. g. sex, achievement, sociality) in duplicitous ways. More recent research on the motivations of high Machs compared to low Machs found that they gave high priority to money, power, and competition and relatively low priority to community building, self-love, and family concerns. High Machs admitted to focusing on unmitigated achievement and winning at any cost. Due to their skill at interpersonal manipulation, there has often been an assumption that high Machs possess superior intelligence, or ability to understand other people in social situations. However, research has firmly established that Machiavellianism is unrelated to  IQ. Furthermore, studies on  emotional intelligence  have found that high Machiavellianism actually tends to be associated with low emotional intelligence as assessed by both performance and questionnaire measures. Both empathy and emotion recognition have been shown to have negative correlations with Machiavellianism. Additionally, research has shown that Machiavellianism is unrelated to a more advanced theory of mind, that is, the ability to anticipate what others are thinking in social situations. If high Machs actually are skilled at manipulating others this appears to be unrelated to any special cognitive abilities as such Self esteem: Self-esteem  is a term in  psychology  to reflect a  persons overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Conversely, low self-monitors do not participate, to the same degree, in expressive control and do not share similar concern for situational appropriateness. Low self-monitors tend to exhibit expressive controls congruent with their own internal states; i. e. beliefs,  attitudes, and  dispositions  regardless of social circumstance. Low self-monitors are often less observant of social context and consider expressing a self-presentation dissimilar from their internal states as a falsehood and undesirable.

Depreciation And Provision For Depreciation Accounting Essay

Depreciation And Provision For Depreciation Accounting Essay Depreciation is the cost allocated as expense which has the effects of reducing the value of a fixed asset during the period it is used by a business. It is a non-cash expense and need to be charged to the Profit Loss account yearly which lowers the companys profit which increasing free cash flow. Fixed assets are long life. They are bought to assist in the operation of business but not with the main purpose of resale. They are in fact revenue-generating assets as they help to gain profit depending on their useful lives. Depreciable items include machinery, vehicles, buildings and fixtures There are reasons why assets may depreciate: Obsolescence: Assets are replaced because new and more efficient technology has been developed. Depletion or Exhaustion: The values of assets such as mines, quarries and oil wells diminish due to the extraction of raw materials from them. Passage of Time: Assets which have limited period of life in terms of years. The term amortization instead of depreciation is often used to refer this. Physical Deterioration: Assets become worn out after used. It becomes less cost- effective to perform and spend more to maintain and repair. The two most common methods used to calculate depreciation expense are: Straight line or Fixed Installment Method Reducing Balance or Diminishing Balance Method Straight Line Method An equal amount of depreciation over the estimated useful life of an asset is allocated for each year. Example : Original Cost : $30000 Estimated Residual Value : $6000 Estimated Useful Life : 6 Years Annual Depreciation = Original Cost Residual Value Estimated Useful Life = $ 30000 $6000 6 years = $4000 Reducing Balance Method Depreciation is calculated as a fixed percentage based on the book value of an asset at the beginning of the accounting year but not the cost of the asset. Example : Original Cost : $20000 Estimated Useful Life : 4 Years Rate of Depreciation : 20% per annum on the reducing balance Depreciation = Rate of Depreciation x Book Value at the Beginning of the Accounting Year Calculation $ Cost 20000 Year 1 (20% X 20000) (4000) 16000 Year 2 (20% X 15000) (3200) 12800 Year 3 (20% X 12800) (2560) 10240 Year 4 (20% X 10240) (2048) Net book value at end of Year 4 8192 Provision for Depreciation Provision for depreciation records accumulated depreciation. It is an asset contra account, hence a credit balance as shown as a deduction from the related fixed asset in the Balance Sheet. The balance of the provision for depreciation increases with time and the book value of the fixed asset decreases with time. Provision for  depreciation  account is the liability of business. By making provision for depreciation account, companys balance sheet will reflect the current value of fixed assets. When asset is sold, it accumulated provision for depreciation will be transfer from the credit side of provision for depreciation account. Then, we will compare it with the sale value of asset. If sale value of asset is more than the current book value of asset after adjusting from provision for depreciation, it will be profit on sale of asset. Why do business, companies, etc. include depreciation expenses and its provision in their financial statements? Reasons: To match the earning revenue The very first reason is to match the earning revenue. Depreciation is directly related to the matching concept. Matching concept is a concept that matches the expenses with related revenues. Under the matching concept, in a particular accounting period that the expenses are the cost of the assets used to earn the revenue, if there are no expenses there will be no revenues. Revenues cant generate without expenses. Therefore, when the expenses are matched with the revenues generated in the same period, the results will be the net profit or loss for that period. Example, consider ABC Woodworks Company, a woodworking business that purchases its own custom  woodworking machinery.   When ABC Woodworks Company purchases a new custom piece of machinery, this new machine is durable enough to last for several years.   In accounting terms, this means that the equipment is in use over several reporting  periods, not just the one in which the machine was purchased. Technological obsolescence Besides that, the purpose of depreciate the assets is to because of the technological obsolescence. Technological obsolescence generally occurs when a new product has been created to replace the old version. When a machine has ends its useful life, the business will need to buy another new machine to continue in order to produce goods. For an example, if the technology has been obsolete, the value of the revenue in the market will be very low. In that moment, the business will write off ( i.e. fully depreciated) the technology and the needs to buy a new and advance technology arise. Wear and Tear Next, the third reason of depreciation is wear and tear. What is wear and tear? It means that the asset has physically degenerated due to wear and tear in used. The more we used the assets the greater the wear and tear would be. There are many reasons of physical deteriorate of an asset example: erosion, accident, friction etc. The wear and tear is general but it is also cause of depreciation. Bad Debts Bad debts are the debts that are uncollectable from the debtors / customers. This usually happens when the firm sells an item on credit to the customers. A debt that is considered that wont be able to collect back by accountant only known as bad debt. For example, the customer has declared bankrupt, and this is where the accountant write the debt as bad debt. The accounting entry for bad debt is: Debit Bad Debt Expense Credit Account Receivable The credit entry reduces the account receivable balance while the debit entry increases the bad debts account which is expenses. Example: Tom Ltd sells goods to Jerry Ltd for $ 1000 on credit. Tom Ltd then found out that Jerry Ltd has been owed few companies, therefore there is a very low possibility that they will pay for the goods. Tom Ltd should write off the receivable from Jerry Ltd for this situation. The double entry will be recorded as: $ $ Debit Bad Debts Expense 1000 Credit Jerry Ltd (Account Receivable) 1000 The accounting solution is to make an allowance for bad debts, making the bad debts against sales when the bad debts accrued. Bad debts are needed to make appropriate adjustments to accounting data. Allowance for Doubtful Debts Doubtful debt is an expense to the business. It is a debt which is unlikely to be able to collect before turn to be bad debt. At the end of accounting period the budget of the business must be made on those amounts of the debtors. If we do not provide this account of doubtful debts, we may not be able to present a good productivity and profits of the business. In most circumstances it is estimated by applying a percentage to its debtors balance, which is likely go bad, during any one accounting period. The percentage is derived from the past experience of trend. In the first accounting period, the doubtful debt estimated will be recorded in full. In the subsequent accounting period, the variance of current and past period will be recorded. To record the increase in the doubtful debt estimation: Debit Profit and Loss (Expenses) Credit Allowance for doubtful debt To record the decrease in the doubtful debt estimation: Debit Allowance for doubtful debt Credit Profit and Loss (Revenue) Example: A business started on 1 January 2010. Its accounting period ended 31 December 2010. The total amount of debtors at the end of the accounting period was $30,000. It was estimated that 2% of the debtors would eventually go bad due to certain reasons but there was no evidence whether they were bankrupt or dead. Allowance for doubtful debt = % x Total debtors (after deducting bad debt) Solution: Allowance for Doubtful debt = 2% x $30,000 = $600 Debit Profit and Loss (Expenses) $600 Credit Allowance for doubtful debt $600 Reasons for Computing Allowance for Doubtful Debts Have a more accurate end of year account Not all debts will be decent at the end of the year account. This may be due to many different causes which consist of your debtor going bankrupt, dying or refuses to pay. These causes could mean that your business does not get all the money that was anticipated. This is why computing allowance for doubtful debts are so important. When you make an estimation based off a certain percentage you are giving your account a much more accurate lookout to go off. This means at the end of the year you will not be in huge astonishment if one of your debtors has been incapable to pay you. This means all your purchases will be more advantageous to the business overall. Will be capable to budget correctly Being capable to budget correctly is an advantage to any business. It will allow you to control and estimate cash flow well and also make more well-versed purchase decisions. When you make allowances for doubtful debts you are having fewer of a turnover at the end of the year. Yet the benefit is that you will not overspend on any stock, advertising or worker costs. Keeping your costs down is helpful to any businesses attainment. This is due to the fact overspending can put your business in a bad spot and avoid you from doing what is correct for your business. This is done to avoid over-stating the assets of the business as  trade debtors  are reported net of doubtful debt. These points are the main twos that you have to deliberate when making allowances. They are not the only two, but the two that can affect how you think about allowances for doubtful debts. Even if doing credit and debit accounting is not your thing it is also completely possible to outsource the entire process. This may charge you a bit of money but at the same time it will do your business a world of good and it is cheap compared to the possible risks. By keeping tracks of the amount of allowance for doubtful debt accounts, it will also mean that the bad debt expense will be stated closer to the time of sales rather than waiting for the account to be determined as uncollectable. Also, when the debtors of the company are paying well, the expense of allowance for doubtful debt may decrease. When this happens, it will be considered as revenue of the company. Thus, allowance for doubtful debt may not always be an expense to the company.

Symbols and Symbolism - The Letter A in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism of the Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors sometimes use symbols in their novels to represent different objects, people or ideas.   One example is the S on Superman's uniform, which symbolizes him being supper.   In "The Scarlet Letter" Nathaniel Hawthorne creates the symbolism of the letter "A" to have different meanings.   As the novel unfolds, the meanings of the letter "A" on Hester Prynne's bosom changes, from adultery to able to angel.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of the novel, Hawthorne describes the letter "A" that lies on Hester's bosom as a symbol of adultery.   Hester is made to wear the letter "A" once the town's people see, that she committed adultery by bearing a child by some other soul than her husband Roger Chillingworth. Since she has worn this letter, she now has a label on her that she is sinful.   She is brought out in public to show everyone what is embroidered on her chest.   The narrator shares, "When the young women- the mother of this child-stood fully revealed before the crowd...On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourshes of gold thread..."(50-1).   Many people there to see her when she reveals the "A" on her chest.   Most of the town people are astonished and startled on her beauty still shone.   Even though the big red letter on her chest stood for adultery.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the novel progressed the meaning as the "A"" made a change for the better in Hester's life.   In chapters before of the novel the letter "A" on Hester's bosom had negative meaning, but this time Hawthorne turns the meaning around in the story to mean able.   Now that she has given many hours of time and service to the sick, poor and troubled she began to gain respect from some of the town's people who once looked down on her.   This time the author shares, "Such helpfulness was found in her-so much power to do and power to sympathize-that many people refused to interpret the scarlet "A" by it's original signification.   They said that it meant " Able"...(158).   Hester still held up her head and did not appear to be down.   She was trying to become herself again slowly.   Once again the letter on

The Watergate Scandal :: President Richard Nixon

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems as if from the moment he was born, Alexander the Great was destined for extraordinary power. On July twentieth, 356 BC., Olympius and King Philip the Second of Macedonia, gave birth to a son and named him Alexander. The actual date of his birth still lies in question though but July twentieth seems to be the most widely accepted one. Alexander developed into quite an individual. He was a very generous man who demonstrated extreme loyalty toward his friends, though at the same time he was very cautious and smart. His great character and values were two of the things that made Alexander the Great a significant individual in history. Another, of course, being that he conquered a very large amount of territory in a relatively short amount of time. His empire seemed to promise a newer, brighter age in which the nations of the world could join together as equals. Through conquering Asia and India, defeating King Darius of Persia, and establishing different col onies, Alexander proved his magnificence. Arguably, there is no other leader in history who could inspire and motivate his men like Alexander the Great did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Alexander was a child, he would at times get discouraged when news came home that his father had conquered another territory. This was because he was worried that there would be nothing left for him to do. Alexander grew up around his father's army for a good portion of his childhood and by the time he was thirteen, he was quite mature. Alexander's maturity is illustrated through a famous story. His father had just bought a beautiful horse named Bucephalus. Much to Philip's disappointment, no one he knew could ride it. Just about to get rid of it, Alexander decided to make a wager on whether or not he could ride it. Alexander calmly approached the horse and found that the horse was afraid of its own shadow. Thinking, Alexander faced it toward the sun to keep the shadow behind it, got on Bucephalus and rode him. Alexander got to keep Bucephalus and later rode the same horse all the way to India. When the horse died there, Alexander founded a city and named it Bucephala after his beloved horse. Alexander's parents wanted the best for their son, so they hired the best tutors around to give him a good education. When Alexander reached thirteen, he began learning from Aristotle.

Dialogue and Monologue in the 1798 Lyrical Ballads :: 1798 Lyrical Ballads Bicentennial Essays

Dialogue and Monologue in the 1798 Lyrical Ballads Commemorating the bicentennial of the 1798 Lyrical Ballads implies something about the volume's innovations as well as its continuity. It is no longer possible to believe that 'Romanticism' started here (as I at least was taught in school). Even if we cannot claim 1798 as a hinge in literary history, though, there is something appealing about celebrating the volume's attitude to newness, as well as the less contentious fact of its enduring importance to readers of Romantic-period poetry. What one risks, of course, is the currently ubiquitous accusation that one is repeating the self-representations of an inappropriately authoritative version of Romanticism, as my school-teacher certainly was (though none of us knew it at the time). There is indeed something innately Wordsworthian about the bicentennial, with its celebration of the endurance of a single past event. We recognise this rhetoric of revisitation and futurity: it is the language spoken by the affirming voice of 'Lines writt en above Tintern Abbey', the concluding statement of the 1798 volume. The poem reads rather like the recitation of a liturgy. Wordsworth recollects his own faith by restating it, and in doing so he discovers its truth and its guarantee of continuity: "in this moment there is life and food / For future years" (ll. 65-6). However sceptical readers have become about the Wordsworthian-Coleridgean creed, the monumental quality of the volume is not entirely a figment of a literary history in search of Great Traditions; 'Tintern Abbey' writes its own future—and the future of Lyrical Ballads 1798 as a whole—as well as writing Wordsworth's (and Dorothy's). We may no longer assent to the idea of 1798 as a new beginning, but we still have to accommodate the volume's own assertions about continuity and change. Perhaps the temptation to go on marking the date arises from the presence of these assertions. Even without the extended prefaces of the later editions, the 1798 Lyrical Ballads is a strikingly self-conscious collection. It opens and closes with a pair of manifestos. The 'Advertisement' announces a new poetic practice; 'Tintern Abbey' bears witness to the final achievement of imaginative, moral and domestic security. Together, these two documents act like a set of quotation marks. They frame the stylistic and rhetorical character of the volume as a whole within another kind of voice, instructing, guiding, and (re)assuring. However we choose to take the grand Romantic

High employee performance

Question: â€Å" Making people satisfied in and with their occupations generates high employee public presentation. † Discus This essay argues whether high employee public presentation is a consequence of doing people happy in and with their occupations. It will sketch the points in favor and against the statement whilst mentioning to the different occupation satisfaction and public presentation theories that have been examined by Human Resource Management ( HRM ) theoreticians. The different points and theories on the occupation satisfaction occupation public presentation theoretical accounts will besides be highlighted to back up the statement. Job public presentation is officially defined as the value of the set of employee behaviours that contribute, either positively or negatively to organizational end achievement ( Colquit, Lepine, Wesson pg. 37 ) . Job satisfaction on the other is defined as a enjoyable emotional province ensuing from the assessment of 1s occupation or occupation experiences ( Colquit, Lepine, Wesson pg. 104 ) . In other words, it represents how you feel about your occupation and what you think about your occupation. There are different factors that contribute to employee satisfaction in the workplace runing from inducements such as periphery benefits to wagess such as higher wage. One cardinal factor that affects employee satisfaction is motive. Motivation has been describe as the cognitive determination devising procedure through which end directed behavior is initiated, energized, directed and maintained. ( Andrzej, Huzynski, Buchanan ) . This merely means that motive is what drives an person to bring forth an result. There is a valid nexus between these two descriptions and research has shown that occupation satisfaction most times leads to high employee public presentation. Take for e.g. theoretical account 1 developed by†¦ shows a clear nexus between occupation satisfaction and public presentation as G Strauss ( 1968 ) commented that â€Å" early human relationists viewed the morale-productivity relationship rather merely: higher morale would take to improved productiveness. This provides a valid relationship between morale and productiveness e.g. a telesales agent who is extremely motivated and is happy with their occupation is more likely to execute better than one who is non. On the other manus anticipation theories of motive by and large stipulate that satisfaction follows from the wagess produced by public presentation ( Naylor, Pritchard, Illgen 1980 ) ( Vroom 1964 ) . Lawler and Porter ( 1967 ) anticipation theorists themselves argued that public presentation would take to occupati on satisfaction through the proviso of intrinsic and extrinsic wagess. In contrast to this there are different values each employee is more normally associated with. Some employees value money as a chief aim to be satisfied by their occupation while others value friendly relationship as a step of occupation satisfaction, as Locke ( 1970 ) hypothesised that value attainment would chair the performance- satisfaction relationship, such that public presentation is fulfilling to the extent that It leads to of import work values. Therefore, a strong pay-performance eventuality would do those who value wage satisfied because public presentation leads to valued wagess. Although this is the instance these theories differ depending iupon what type of profession or occupation you are looking at. E.g intrinsic wagess would use more to physicians and engeeners as they are more satisfied by value of their occupations and†¦ wheras person working on a local shop may be more satisfied by how much money thay make par twenty-four hours. So if the statement that doing people satisfied with their occupations generates high employee public presentation is entirely used in a concern environment and other factors are non included such as the 1s above this would non turn out practical as grounds shows that there are other factors that influence this. Personality besides affects occupation satisfaction and public presentation. Therefore it is really of import to separate between the different personality traits each person has in order to use the right theoretical accounts to increase their occupation satisfaction and public presentation. A meta analysis conducted by, Organ and Ryan ( 1995 ) proposed that employee personality traits such as conscientiousness indirectly influence Organisational Citizenship Behaviour ( OCB ) through employee affect. Job satisfaction would be one index of this affect. In certain occupation prspects such as marketing employees who score higher points on extroversion traits Mccrae and costa ‘s ( 1987 ) would have more attending from people in authorization as those are some of the chief qualities that leaders look for in selling industry ensuing in more contact and attending from leaders. This is supported by ( Graen, 2003 ; Graen & A ; Uhl-Bien, 1995 ; Lapierre, Hackett, & A ; Taggar, 2006 ) ‘s, statetement that those in higher quality Leader Member Exchange ( LMX ) relationships typically receive discriminatory intervention, such as more discretion and liberty at work, every bit good as more ambitious and of import duties ensuing in increased occupation satisfaction ( Schriesheim, Castro, Zhou, & A ; Yammarino, 2001 ) . Clearly one can see that when employees are making good in their occupation and are acquiring the recognition and incentives they deserve they will be satisfied with their work hence taking them to execute better in undertakings allocated to them and with their overall occupation. However It can be argued that overall occupation satisfaction may non ever be measured accurately as being satisfied with one facet of work such as friendly relationship s at work might non intend one is satisfied with their whole occupation as they may non be satisfied with wage. Employees may be probably to execute better with undertakings that relate to a portion of the occupation they are satisfied with and make strictly with undertakings related to things they are non satisfied with in their occupations. Besides lazy workers although satisfied may non better on their public presentation which supports the McCrae and Costa ‘s ( 1987 ) unfastened model on personality.

Action Centred Leadership

John Adair – Action-centred Leadership John Adair (b. 1934) is one of Britain's foremost authorities on leadership in organisations. Before Adair and arguably still today people associated leadership with the so called ‘Great Man Theory'. One charismatic individual who used his or her personal power and rhetoric to mobilise a group. Adair approached leadership from a more practical and simple angle; by describing what leaders have to do and the actions they need to take. His model was figuratively based on three overlapping circles representing:- 1.Achieve the task. 2. Build and maintain the team. 3. Develop the individual. This creates a clear distinction between leadership and management. Creating charismatic ‘Great Man' leaders is difficult and cannot be relied on. You cannot guarantee that such a person can be developed and, once developed, that they will be reliable. Adair's theory is more practical and shows that leadership can be taught and that it is a tran sferable skill. The three circles in Adair's model overlap because:- 1. The task needs a team because one person alone cannot accomplish it. 2.If the team needs are not met the task will suffer and the individuals will not be satisfied. 3. If the individual needs are not met the team will suffer and performance of the task will be impaired. Leadership Functions Adair lists eight Leadership Functions required to achieve success. These need to be constantly developed and honed to ensure success. 1. Defining the task: Using SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-Constrained) to set a clear objective. 2. Planning: An open minded, positive and creative search for alternatives. Contingencies should be planned for and plans should be tested. . Briefing: Team briefings by the leader are a basic function and essential in order to create the right atmosphere, foster teamwork and motivate each individual. 4. Controlling: Leaders need self-control, good control system s in place and effective delegation and monitoring skills in order to get maximum results from minimum resources. 5. Evaluating: Assess consequences, evaluate performance, appraise and train individuals. 6. Motivating: Adair identifies eight basic rules for motivating people* in his book Effective Motivation (Guildford: Talbot Adair Press, 1987).Adair also created the 50:50 rule which states that 50% of motivation comes from within a person and 50% from his or her environment and particularly the leadership they encounter. 7. Organising: Good leaders need to be able to organise themselves, their team and their organisation. 8. Setting an example: The best leaders naturally set a good example. If effort needs to be made it will slip and a bad example is noticed more than a good example. Motivating Your Team The eight rules for motivating people:- 1. Be motivated yourself. 2. Select motivated people. . Treat each person as an individual. 4. Set realistic but challenging targets. 5. Un derstand that progress itself motivates. 6. Create a motivating environment. 7. Provide relevant rewards. 8. Recognise success. John Adair's work is in line with motivational theorists such as Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. He emphasises the need for development of the team and team building. This can be achieved through team building events and using theories such as that of Belbin. Where Adair identifies the need, Belbin provides one of the tools.

Political Disputes In Early Nineteenth Century Essay

The North and South in the nineteenth century were different in lifestyle and morale as well as economy. The north had a booming industrial economy while in the South, cotton was king. Because of this, congress was continuously addressing controversial matters and providing answers that did not satisfy either one side or both. The early 1800s were full of the North and the South making many attempts at reconciliation that just fell short. Among those were the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and the Great Compromise of 1850. Other tempestuous attempts led to the Tariff/Nullification Controversy, anti slavery debates in congress, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Whether it was one side or the other, there was always someone to oppose – and in some cases, defy – the laws put in place, which eventually led to the succession of the southern states and the Civil War. The issue of slavery became an even greater concern when the Louisiana Purchase territories were to enter the Union a s states. The question was, would new territories enter the Union as slave or free states? The South wanted a balance of power. They knew that if the North were to have more free states, then slavery in the south could be facing extinction through congress. In an attempt to conciliate with the South, the North agreed upon the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Through this, slavery was banned above the 36 degrees 30 minute line and Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine a free state. For a while, it retained the balance of power. However, tempers in the south rose again later in the 1820s over high tariffs. The tariffs benefitted the north but threatened southern cotton exports. In 1828, the tariff was around 50%. President Jackson modified it to around 33% in 1832 only to have South Carolina nullify it in the state. It raised the question of whether or not the federal government could legally impose protective tariffs and whether it was constitutional for a state to nullify a federal law. â€Å"South Carolina†¦by a course of legislation†¦can defeat the execution of certain laws of the United States†¦.it is utterly impracticable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Document A] Henry Clay believed it impractical for South Carolina to oppose the federal law and also believed that South Carolina had no intention of leaving the Union, which depicts just how blind people were to just how great the rift really was. In 1833, the Compromise Tariff was put into place and would reduce rates to 20% by 1842. At this time, most people considered compromise to still be possible. As time goes on, slavery becomes as much of a moral  issue as a political one. The American Anti-Slavery Society believed that the practice of slavery was against God’s teaching and that those who kept slaves were man stealers. [Document B] Slaves should be set free and slaveholders shouldn’t be compensated a dime. â€Å"†¦we concede the Congress†¦has no right to interfere with any of th e slave states†¦But we maintain that Congress has a right†¦to suppress the domestic slave trade†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [Document B] As abolitionists started to make an even greater fuss over slavery, congress was backed into a corner. To release the slaves and prevent slavery in the new territories would incite the wrath of the South, however to allow more slave states to enter the Union would anger the abolitionists. Eventually, the gag rule was put into place. â€Å"All petitions, memorials, [etc.]†¦to the subject of slavery or the abolition of slavery, shall†¦be laid on the table and that no further action whatever shall be had thereon.† [Document C] However, each time a territory wanted to become a state, whether slavery would be permitted or not was a forefront issue – starting with the lands gained from the Mexican War. The Compromise of 1850 was put into place here. California was admitted as a free state and New Mexico and Utah entered under popular sovereignty (the citizens would decide whether they wanted slavery or not.) From this compromise also came a stronger Fugitive Slave L aw (all escaped slaves were to be turned in and returned.) Northerners blatantly ignored this federal law which angered the Southerners, for when they had tried not to comply to a federal law, they had been punished. [Document D] The Southerners felt wronged, and rightly so. Compromise seemed less and less possible. In 1854, there were questions on whether there should be slavery in the Kansas-Nebraska territories, even though it was prohibited by the Missouri Compromise. The South was unhappy about this however because the shaky balance of power would then decisively shift to the North. The South needed more slave states. Because of this, the Missouri Compromise was then repealed. Popular sovereignty was then ruled in the territories. At the sound of that, abolitionists and pro-slavery citizens began to rush Kansas in spades. Fighting broke out so horrifically it was given the name Bleeding Kansas. During this, a new political party arose: the Free-Soilers. They were against slavery and fought state constitutions such as the Lecompton Constitution. After this, slavery issues began to spin out of control. Things like the Dred Scott Decision and John  Brown’s Raid and other slave revolts kept slavery at the forefront of everyone’s minds. The Free-Soilers then turned into the Republicans who firmly believed in the end slavery. Compromise was now nearly impossible. The possibility of compromise was then nailed shut when a Republican, Abraham Lincoln, won the election of 1860. North Carolina then seceded from the Union and other southern states soon followed suit. It’s possible that if the South had only picked one candidate, they could have won the election. [Document H] But because they hadn’t, the South then felt threatened. And because they felt threatened, they seceded. The reasons and events stated led to the eventual conclusion of the impossibility of compromise by 1860.

M1 Revision Exam Notes

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Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Translate WATSON’S THEORY OF HUMAN CARING AND SUBJECTIVE LIVING EXPERIENCES Essay A TEORIA DO CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON E AS EXPERIÊNCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FATORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UM GUIA DISCIPLINAR PARA A PRà TICA PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMAGEM LA TEORà A DEL CUIDADO HUMANO DE WATSON Y LAS EXPERIENCIAS SUBJETIVAS DE VIDA: FACTORES CARITATIVOS/CARITAS PROCESSES COMO UNA GUà A DISCIPLINAR PARA LA PRà CTICA PROFESIONAL DE ENFERMERà A Jean Watson2 This manuscript draws upon a previous publication with modifications: Watson J. Carative factors, Caritas processes guide to professional nursing. Danish Clinical Nursing Journal. 2006; 20 (3): 21-7. 2 PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN. Distinguished Professor of Nursing Murchinson-Scoville Endowed Chair in Caring Science, in the University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA. Web: www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 1 KEYWORDS: Teoria de enfermagem. Prà ¡tica profissional. Cuidados de enfermagem. Enfermagem. ABSTRACT: This article provides an overview of Watson’s theory of Human Caring, the notion of Caritas and human phenomena. Special emphasis is placed upon the theoretical structure of human caring theory referred to as 10 Carative Factors/Caritas Processes and subjective living processes and experiences. These core conceptual aspects of the theory and human living processes are grounded within the philosophical and ethical foundation of  the body of my caring theory work. Together they serve as a guide for professional practice, as well as a disciplinary blueprint for the Science of Care. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nur- RESUMO: Este artigo fornece uma visà £o geral da teoria de Cuidado Humano de Watson, a noà §Ãƒ £o de Caritas e sing theory. Professional practi- o fenà ´meno humano. Uma à ªnfase especial à © dada sobre os 10 Fatores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, os processos de viver humano e as experià ªncias subjetivas de vida que fazem parte da estrutura da teoria. Estes aspectos ce. Nursing care. Nursing. centrais dos conceitos da teoria e processos de viver sà £o desenvolvidos na fundamentaà §Ãƒ £o filosà ³fica e à ©tica do corpo da Teoria de Cuidado. Juntos, eles servem como um guia para a prà ¡tica profissional, bem como, um esquema disciplinar para a Cià ªncia do Cuidado. PALABRAS CLAVE: Teoria de enfermerà ­a. Prà ¡ctica profesional. Atencià ³n de enfermerà ­a. Enfermerà ­a. RESUMEN: El presente artà ­culo ofrece una visià ³n general sobre la teorà ­a del Cuidado Humano de Watson, la nocià ³n de Caritas y el fenà ³meno humano. En este estudio se da un à ©nfasis especial a los diez factores Caritativos/Caritas Processes, a los procesos del vivir humano y a las experiencias subjetivas de vida, los cuales forman parte de la estructura de la teorà ­a. Los aspectos centrales de los conceptos de la teorà ­a y los procesos del vivir son desarrollados en el fundamento filosà ³fico y à ©tico del cuerpo de la teorà ­a de Cuidado; todos esos aspectos juntos sirven como una guà ­a para la prà ¡ctica profesional, asà ­ como tambià ©n un esquema disciplinar para la Ciencia del Cuidado. Endereà §o: Jean Watson University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center 80262 Denver, Colorado, USA. Email: [emailprotected] Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Artigo original: Reflexà £o teà ³rica Recebido em: 15 de agosto de 2006. Aprovaà §Ãƒ £o final: 23 de fevereiro de 2007. 130 INTRODUCTION The origin of the original theory of human  caring was my first book − Nursing: the philosophy  and science of caring.1 This first work was published  before there was formal attention to nursing theory as  the disciplinary foundation for nursing science, education, and practice. The origin of the theory of human caring was  first work â€Å"emerged from my quest to bring new meaning and dignity to the world of nursing and patient care† and to the inner subjective life experiences of  self and other.2:49 It also served to provide an ethicalphilosophical foundation for the deeply human dimensions of nursing. The theoretical concepts were derived and  emerged from, my personal/professional experiences;  they were clinically inducted, empirically grounded and combined with my philosophical, intellectual, and experiential background. Thus, the early work emerged from my own values, beliefs, perceptions and experiences about rhetorical and ineffable questions, e.g. what does it mean to be human? What does it mean to care? What does it mean to heal? What does it mean to develop knowledge and practices about life phenomena and subjective human experiences? What is a living philosophical context for exploring nursing and life meaning in health and illness? Questions and views of personhood, life, death, change, health, healing, caring, wholeness, pain, suffering, and so on, were guiding my quest to identify a framework for nursing as a distinct entity, profession, discipline and science in its own right, separate from, but complementary to medicine. 1 My views were heightened by my commitment to the professional role and mission of nursing; its ethical covenant with society as sustaining human caring; in honoring the lived experience of self and other; in seeking to preserve humanity, even when threatened; attending to and helping to sustain human dignity, unity of oneness of being, to hold the other in their wholeness, even when they could not feel whole themselves. These are all activities which transcend illness, diagnosis, condition, setting,  and so on, and are enduring and timeless across time and space and changes in society and science.  Since then, the original work has expanded and evolved through a generation of other theory-based  books on caring that followed: â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theoryofnursing†.Connecticut(USA):Appleton/Century/ Crofts. Reprinted/republished, New York (NY/USA): Watson J National League for Nursing; 1988. Reprinted/republished, Massachusetts (USA): Jones Bartlett; 1999.3 â€Å"Postmodern sursing and seyond†. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill-Livingstone. Reprinted/republished, Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; 1999.4 â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005.5 The first book â€Å"Nursing: the philosophy andscience of caring†1 provided the original core and structure for the Theory of Human Caring: 10 Carative Factors. These factors were identified as the essential aspects of caring in nursing, without which perhaps nurses were not practicing professional nursing, but were functioning as technicians or skilled workers within the dominant framework of medical technocure science. The second book â€Å"Nursing: human science and human care, a theory of nursing†3 expanded upon the philosophical, transpersonal aspects of a caring moment as the core framework; this focus placed the ideas more explicitly within a broader context of ethics, art and even metaphysics-spiritual, as deeper living phenomena within which nursing dwells, but often does not name, nor articulate, nor act on. As it has been pointed out in postmodern discourse today; â€Å"if a profession does not have its own language it does not exist†, thus it is important to name, claim, articulate and act upon the phenomena of nursing and caring and the subjectively real living experiences of self and other; this focus for nursing and caring science is essential if nursing is to fulfill its mandate and raison d’à ªtre for existing in science and society. This work makes more explicit that if nursing is to survive into this millennium then it has to sustain and make explicit its covenant with the public which includes knowledge, values, ethics and skilled practices of caring, healing, health, and living phenomena of human experiences. Thethirdbookâ€Å"Postmodernnursingandbeyond†4 brought a focus to the professional paradigm which is grounded in ontology of relations and an ethical-ontological foundation before the conventional epistemology of science and technology. The need to clarify the ontological foundation of Being-in-Relation within a Caring paradigm; the unity of mindbodyspirit/field was the focus of this work, going beyond the outdated separatist ontology of modern, Era I medical industrial thinking. It is here in this book that the spiritual and evolved energetic aspects of caring consciousness and intentionality and human presence and personal evolution of the practitioner became more developed. This evolution was placed within the emerging post –modern Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 131 cosmology of healing, wholeness, oneness which is an honoring of the unity of all, and the living experiences and life phenomena in which nursing dwells. My most recent theoretical book â€Å"Caring science as sacred science†5 was selected as an AJN Book of the Year Award (2006) in the category of research; it expands further upon the original work on caring, now placing Caring Science within an ethical-moralphilosophical − evolved scientific context, guided by the works of Emmanual Levinas (French)6 and Knud Logstrup (Danish). 7 This latest work seeks a science model that reintegrates metaphysics with the physical domain, and re-invites Ethics-of –Belonging, (to infinite field of Universal Cosmic Love) as before and underneath Being-by-Itself alone; this view is different, and separate from, the broader universal field of infinity, to which we all belong and return to from earth plane. This latest work brings a decidedly sacred dimension to the work of caring, making more explicit that living human experiences are a phenomena with spiritual and philosophical-ethical-moral dimensions; reminding us that we dwell in mystery. We dwell in mystery because we are working with the living processes, the life force, life energy, the soul if you will of another person. This focus makes more explicit that relational, existential-spiritual human caring dimensions and the deeply life processes, the deeper meaning of life are part of the inner healing journey we make with self and others on this earth plane passage; this happens when we are practicing within a caring-healing model. When we are conscious of an expanded cosmology and expanded deeper moral-ethical foundation as the nature of caring and human living processes, we have to arrive at a new understanding and humility. We are asked to acknowledge a need for wisdom, even to surrender, to that which is greater than Self, and the outer world controls, that often we think we have. With that background of my major books on Caring theory, Philosophy, and Caring Science the rest of this paper will explicate several of the conceptual aspects of the work; the core of the original work in context of its evolution; outlining the 10 Carative Factors (CF). DEVELOPMENT The Caritas Processes (CP) are juxtaposed against the original Carative Factors. The Caritas Processes are an extension of the other which have evolved; CP are intended to offer a more fluid language for understanding a deeper level of CF which capture the deeper dimensions of living processes of human experiences. The original terms and concepts of the Carative Factors needed to evolve as they seemed too set in the language of the earlier era, although still relevant. Nevertheless, in this article, I am using the two forms almost interchangeable. However, Caritas makes more explicit the connection between Caring and Love and human living processes. These aspects are more prominent in my last book on caring science.5 Some exemplars of how the work in used as a guide to transforming practices within the context of living processes are included in Box 1. Box 1 – 10 Carative factors and caritas processes. Original 10 Carative Factors, juxtaposed against the emerging Caritas Processes/ Carative Factors Caritas Processes 1. Humanistic –Altruistic Values. 1. Practicing Loving-kindness Equanimity for self and other. 2. Instilling/enabling Faith Hope. 2. Being authentically present to/enabling/sustaining/honoring deep belief system and subjective world of self/other. 3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to one’s self and other. 3. Cultivating of one’s own spiritual practices; deepening selfawareness, going beyond â€Å"ego self†. 4. Development of helping-trusting, human caring relationship. 4. Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship. 5. Promotion and acceptance of expression of positive and negative feelings. 5. Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for. 6. Systematic use of scientific (creative) problemsolving caring process. 6. Creatively using presence of self and all ways of knowing/ multiple ways of Being/doing as part of the caring process; engaging in artistry of caring-healing practices. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 132 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning. 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, social, spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs. 10. Allowance for existential-phenomenological spiritual dimensions. Watson J 7. Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experiences that attend to whole person, their meaning; attempting to stay within other’s frame of reference. 8. Creating healing environment at all levels (physical, nonphysical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity and peace are potentiated. 9. Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional, caring consciousness of touching and working with embodied spirit of individual, honoring unity of Being; allowing for spiritual emergence. 10. Opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, unknown existential dimensions of life-death; attending to soul care for self and one- being- cared- for. These 10 original Carative Factors remain as the timeless structural core of the Theory, while allowing for their evolving and emergence into more fluid aspects of the model captured by the 10 Caritas Processes. In introducing the original concepts of Carative Factors as core for a nursing philosophy and science, I was offering a theoretical counterpoint to notion of Curative so dominant in medical science. Thus, the Carative Factors helped to define a framework to hold the discipline and profession  of nursing; they were informed by a deeper vision and ethical commitment to the human dimensions /living processes of caring in nursing; the art and human science context. I was seeking to  address those aspects of professional nursing that transcended medical diagnosis, disease, setting,  limited and changing knowledge and technology of specialized foci. What remains as core? 10 Carative Factors (embellished by philosophical-ethic and value of Caritas consciousness). In moving from the concept of Carative, to Caritas I was making an overt evocation of love and caring to merge for an expanded paradigm to connect with the existential-spiritual dimensions and living processes of human experiences. Such a perspective ironically places nursing in its most mature paradigm, while reconnecting with heritage and foundation of Nightingale which is the spiritual living processes of our humanity. With Caritas incorporated more explicitly into my work, it locates the theory within an ethical and ontological contact as starting point for considering not only its science, but its societal human caring mission. This direction makes a more formal connection between caring and healing and the evolved human consciousness of living subjective experiences and life phenomena. The background for this work is published on my website. See www. uchsc.edu/nursing/caring for more information.8 CONTEXT FOR CARATIVE/CARITAS PROCESSES The Carative Factors/Caritas Processes are not complete without acknowledging the worldview and philosophical context which holds the concepts. For example: a cosmology of oneness of  Being; phenomenal field which honors the subjective-intersubjective inner life world, transpersonal caring relationship, caring occasion and caring moment. These wider dimensions serve to remind that any nurse – patient encounter can be considered a caring occasion wherein a â€Å"caring moment† can be created and experienced, depending upon  the consciousness, intentionality, and philosophical (theoretical) orientation which is guiding the nurse.2 A caring moment transcends time and space and continues as part of larger complex pattern of  life of both nurse and patient. Narrative related to Ten Carative Factors1 Humanistic: altruistic system of values Caring is grounded on a set of universal humanistic altruistic values. Humanistic values include kindness, empathy, concern, and love for self and others. They derive from childhood experiences and are enhanced by beliefs, cultures and art. Altruistic values arise from commitments to and satisfaction from receiving through giving. They bring meaning to one’s life through one’s belief and relationships with other people. Humanistic-altruistic feelings and acts provide the basis of human Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences 133 caring and promote the best professional care, and as such, constitute the first and most basic factor for science and ethic of caring. Developing helping: trusting, caring relationship The human caring relationship is transpersonal. in that it connotes a special kind of relationship: a connection with the other person, a high regard for the whole person and their Being-in-the-world. In the transpersonal human caring relationship, the nurse enters into the experience of another person, and another can enter into the nurse’s experiences. It is an ideal of  intersubjectivity in which both persons are involved.  It is an art in which the nurse forms a union with the  other, connecting with the spirit-filled person, behind  the patient, that transcends the physical. This connection honors the upmost concern for human dignity and preservation of humanity. Enabling and sustaining faith and hope The history of medicine is replete with documentation of the importance of a person’s belief in faith and hope. For example, Hippocrates thought that an ill person’s mind and soul should be inspired before one’s illness was treated. IN many other examples, medicine itself was secondary to magic, incantations, spells, and prayers. In this Carative Factor, patient’s beliefs are encouraged, honored and respected as significant influences in promoting and maintaining health. Regardless of what scientific regimen is required for medical care of a person, the nurse should nurture faith and hope and the deep belief system of the one-being- cared for. Even when there is nothing left to do medically, the nurse nurtures a patient’s faith and hope in something or someone beyond his or her self. Sensitivity to self and other To be human is to feel. All too often people allow themselves to think their thoughts, but not feel their feelings. The only way to develop sensitivity to one’s self and to others is to recognize and feel one’s feelings. The development of self and the nurturing of judgment, taste, values, and sensitivity in human relationships evolve from emotional states. The development of feeling is encouraged by the humanities and compassionate life experiences. Sensitivity to self is the recognition and acknowledgement of feelings – painful as well as happy ones. It is cultivated by looking into oneself and a willingness to explore one’s own feelings. People who are not sensitive to and repress their own feelings may be unable to allow others to express and explore their feelings. Sensitivity to self not only leads to self-acceptance and psychological growth, but to sensitivity and acceptance of others. Nurses who are sensitive to others are better able to learn about another’s view of the world which, subsequently, increases concern for others’ comfort, recovery, and wellness. Nurses who recognize and use their sensitivity promote selfdevelopment and self-actualization, and are able to encourage the same growth in others. Without this factor nursing care would fall. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Promoting and accepting the expression of positive and negative feelings and emotions Because feelings after thoughts, behavior, and experiences, they need to need to be acknowledged and considered in the human caring process. A focus on feelings and the â€Å"non-rational† emotional aspects of an event is necessary for nurses engaged in the human caring process. The caring relationship can move to a deeper, more honest and authentic level if he nurse allows for this CF. Further, in listening to and honoring another person’s feelings we honor their story which holds meaning and importance for them and their healing. By listening to another person’s story, it may be the greatest healing act we can offer. It may be the nurse who is the only one who listens to and  honors another’s story and all the magnitude of  feelings that accompany it.  Engaging in creative, individualized, problemsolving caring process Professional nursing employs the nursing  process, which is a creative, problem-solving  method to assist with decision –making in all nursing situations. A creative approach acknowledges that nurses use all ways of know/being/doing in  engaging in clinical caring. Nursing problems solving in not a linear one to one process, but often the nurse walks into a patient’s room and grasps  the â€Å"gestalt’ – reading the field, in the instant. This process involves full use of self and all of one’s faculties, knowledge, instincts, intuition, aesthetics, technology, skills, empirics, ethics, personal and even spiritual knowing. In a caring science model for practice, all knowledge is valu- 134 able and accessed for clinical caring. The process invites creative imagination as well as systematic scientific logic and technology. Transpersonal Teaching-Learning Nurses have a long history about the educational-teaching role; however there has been more emphasis on conveying information rather than a conscious intentionality to engage in authentic processes and relationships of mutuality and reciprocity, in that the nurse seeks to work from the patient’s frame of reference, grasping the meaning and significance of the information for the person, as well as the readiness and timeliness for the person to receive the information. This CF makes explicit that learning is more than just receiving information and data. It involves a caring relationship as context for any teaching learning. This CF evolves toward more of a coaching role in which the person becomes their own best teacher, in contrast to a conventional imparting- of- information role. Provision of supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment The purpose of providing such an environment is quality care and also healing/wholeness. The areas that involve this factor are: comfort; privacy; safety; clean; aesthetic surroundings. Nurses often have a great deal of control of  the environment, but without a consciousness of their obligations to take systematical responsibility for the environment to protect, support and/or correct the patient. More recently this factor has taken on entirely new meaning. In addition to acknowledging the environment as a functional, physical place to attend to in conventional way, one now is invited to consider  the nurse as influencing the patterns – for example,  using theory as guide to environment one can think  of the nurse as repatterning the environment to  promote healing, harmony, and use of caring-healing modalities to assist in patterning a more healing environment; e.g. imagery, visualization, relaxation,  music-sound, intentional touch, art and so forth.9,5 An even more expanded view of environment developed by Quinn9 and expanded by Watson5 suggests and invites us to consider the nurse as the environment. In this evolved framework we are invited to Watson J consider the practitioner and his/her evolved caring consciousness, presence, intentionality, and so forth, as the critical ingredient in the environment.5 In this view, then we have to turn toward the practitioner and the Nurse Self as an energetic, vibrational field, integral with the patient and outer environment. This is a unitary, caring science view of environment and raises new questions inspired by Quinn,9 for Caring Science Environment.5:94 If I am the environment, how can I Be a more caring-healing environment? How can I Become a safe space, a sacred vessel for this patient and his/her inner healing journey? In what ways can I look at, into this person (how am I to face this other) to draw out healing/ wholeness? How can I use my consciousness, my Being, my presence, my voice, my touch, my face, my hands, my heart for healing? Environment now takes on entirely different meaning with this evolved view, moving beyond physical environment, and having to pay attention to the nurse and his/her caring consciousness affecting the entire field. Assisting with gratification of Basic Human Needs, while preserving human dignity and wholeness Assistance with another’s basic needs gives nurses access to the physical body in a very intimate way. As such it is a privilege and great gift to society to take care of others when in need of care. In a Caring Science model it is acknowledged that the nurse however is not just touching one’ physical body or  meeting physical needs, but noting that when touching another we are not touching just the body, but embodied spirit. It is also made explicit in this  work that all needs are unified and interdependent; all needs are equally important and must be valued  and responded to for caring-healing. Allowing for, being open to, existential-phenomenological and spiritual dimensions of caring and healing This last CF brings up the phenomenon of  the unknowns, which cannot be explained scientifically, through the Western mind of modern medicine. This CF allows for mystery and philosophical, Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. Watson’s theory of human caring and subjective living experiences metaphysical aspects of human experiences and phenomena which do not conform to conventional views of science and rational thinking. Nevertheless these unknowns are real to those affected. This CF allows for spiritual filled meanings and unknowns to emerge open to infinite possibilities for miracles. This CF honors spirit- filled meanings, cultural beliefs, myths, and metaphors and inner subjective life world of nurse and patients and families, allowing cures and miraculous cures and healings. CONCLUSION Finally this framework for Caring Science and practices proposes that nursing, individually and collectively, contributes to the preservation of humanity and seeks to sustain caring in instances where it is threatened. The Carative Factors/ Caritas Processes serve as structure and order for a theoretical − philosophical foundation for the discipline and profession of nursing. The moral ideals and caring factors and processes proposed foster the evolution and deepening of humankind and serve to sustain humanity. Texto Contexto Enferm, Florianà ³polis, 2007 Jan-Mar; 16(1): 129-35. 135 REFERENCES 1 Watson J. Nursing: the philosophy and science of caring. Boston (USA): Little Brown; 1979. Boulder (Colorado/USA): Colorado Associated University Press; reprinted 1985. 2 Watson J, The theory of human caring: retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly. 1997 Mar; 10 (1): 49-52. 3 Watson J. Nursing human science and human care: a theory of nursing. Connecticut (USA): AppletonCentury Crofts; 1985. New York (USA): National League for Nursing; reprinted 1988. Massachusetts (USA): Jones and Bartlett; reprinted 1999. 4 Watson J. Postmodern nursing and beyond. Edinburgh (Scotland):Churchill-Livingstone.NewYork(NY/USA): Harcourt-Brace/Elsevier; reprinted 1999. 5 Watson J. Caring science as sacred science. Philadelphia (USA): FA Davis; 2005. 6 Levinas E. Totality infinity. Pittsburgh (PA): Duquesne University; 1969. 7 Logstrup K. The ethical demand. Notre Dame (Indiana/ USA): University of Notre Dame; 1997. 8 Watson J. Theory of human caring [acesso em 2006 Nov 11].Disponà ­velem:http://www.uchsc.edu/nursing/caring 9 Quinn J. Holding sacred space: the nurse as healing environment.HolisticNursingPractice1992Apr;6(4):26-35.